Root Cause of the “Income Equality” Crisis — The Federal Reserve’s Monetary Policy

The latest political slogan is “income equality.” Various news outlets report that the rich are getting richer and poor getting poorer. Various politicians cry out for more government intervention, more government programs and expanded government funding to address this national crisis. Cries are heard daily from politicians to raise the minimum wage.

But who is really behind this growing income inequality crisis? According to one monetary policy expert it is the U.S. Federal Reserve.

James Rickards in his book “The Death of Money: The Coming Collapse of the International Monetary System” explains how this has happened in America and will happen again. Rickards writes, “Critics from Richard Cantillon in the early eighteenth century to V.I. Lenin and John Maynard Keynes in the twentieth have been unanimous in their view that inflation is the stealth destroyer of savings, capital, and economic growth.”

Rickards warns, “Inflation often begins imperceptibly and gains a foothold before it is recognized. This lag in comprehension, important to central banks, is called money illusion, a phrase that refers to a perception that real wealth is being created, so that Keynesian ‘animal spirits’ are aroused. Only later is it discovered that bankers and astute investors captured the wealth, and everyday citizens are left with devalued savings, pensions and life insurance.” [Emphasis mine]

Rickards finds that the 1960s and 1970s are “a good case study in money illusion.” “Two lessons from the 1960s and 1970s are highly pertinent today. The first is that inflation can gain substantial momentum before the general public notices it… Second, once inflation perceptions shift, they are extremely difficult to reset,” states Rickards.

Is the Federal Reserve contributing to a money illusion?

According to Rickards, “[S]ince 2008 the Federal Reserve has printed over $3 trillion of new money, but without stoking much inflation in the United States. Still, the Fed has set an inflation target of at least 2.5 percent, possibly higher, and will not relent in printing money until that target is achieved. The Fed sees inflation as a way to dilute the real value of U.S. debt and avoid the specter of deflation. There in lies a major risk.” [Emphasis mine]

Rickards notes history tells is, “[A] feedback loop will emerge in which higher inflation leads to higher inflation expectations, to even higher inflation, and so on. The Fed will not be able to arrest this feedback loop because its dynamic is a function not of monetary policy but of human behavior.”

Rickards predicts:

  1. Skyrocketing gold prices and a crashing dollar;
  2. Russian, China and the International Monetary Fund will stand ready with gold and SDRs, not dollars, to provide a new reserve asset; and
  3. When the dollar next falls from the high wire, there will be no safety net.

Richards in his book notes, “The coming collapse of the dollar and the international monetary system is entirely foreseeable… The international monetary system has collapsed three times in the past century – in 1914, 1939 and 1971. Each collapse was followed by a tumultuous period.”

Santelli-Rick-rant-chart-July-2014-300x157Rick Santelli explains what he believes is happening in the U.S. today. Brian Maloney from MediaEqualizer.com writes: “So what exactly are his [Santelli’s] points? It’s actually simple.” (see chart right):

  1. By keeping interest rates artificially low, the Janet Yellen led Federal Reserve has encouraged reckless government borrowing and spending while crushing savers, especially America’s retirees.
  2. The Fed has focused all its efforts on making the rich even richer through Quantitative Easing while working people suffer and are ignored by Washington’s elite.

Who wins and who loses when there is another financial crisis like the DOT.com bust in 2000 and the housing crisis of 2008? The winners are the bankers and savey investors (the 1%) and their political allies. The losers left holding the bag are citizens living on Main Street U.S.A.

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Is Greed Good? by Mark Skousen

A Free Capitalist Society Moderates the Passions.

“Unbridled avarice is not in the least the equivalent of capitalism, still less its ‘spirit’.” — Max Weber[1]

Recently greed has become a popular term of endearment. There’s even a TV game show by that name. In 1987, Oliver Stone released a popular movie called Wall Street, in which Gordon Gekko, the fictional dealmaker extraordinaire, declares, “Greed is good.”

In the 1990s, as capitalism, technology, and the financial markets advanced, some free-market economists defended Gekko’s speech, arguing that the pursuit of greed is beneficial and an integral feature of market capitalism. It motivates individuals to work harder, to create new and better products. As Bernard Mandeville wrote in The Fable of the Bees (1714), the private vices of greed, avarice, and luxury lead to abundant wealth.

On the other hand, critics of capitalism, from Thorstein Veblen to John Kenneth Galbraith, have long argued that capitalism unleashes greed, creating greater inequality, alienation, and deception in society. Capitalism is, in short, morally corrupting, both for the individual and business.

Which view is more accurate?

Part of the problem is in the definition of the word. If greed simply means enthusiastically pursuing one’s self-interest, there is no harm in it and a great deal of good. Unfortunately, greed carries excessive baggage beyond honest initiative. Webster’s Dictionary defines greed as “excessive desire for acquiring or having.” A greedy person “wants to eat and drink too much” or “desires more than one needs or deserves.” This conjures up passages of conspicuous consumption from Veblen’s Theory of the Leisure Class, or scenes of the miserly banker foreclosing on the poor in Frank Capra’s film It’s a Wonderful Life. Is that what capitalism leads to?

Greed is no virtue in the financial markets. Too many inexperienced, gullible investors get caught up in the latest hot market, only to buy in at the top. As J. Paul Getty warns, “The big profits go to the intelligent, careful and patient investor, not to the reckless and overeager speculator.”[2]

Montesquieu to the Rescue

In researching my forthcoming book, The Making of Modern Economics (M. E. Sharpe Publishers), I have uncovered several economic thinkers who make an important contribution to this issue. Charles de Montesquieu (1689-1755) was the first major figure during the Enlightenment to maintain that commercial activity restrains greed and other passions. In his classic work, The Spirit of the Laws (1748), Montesquieu expressed the novel view that the business of moneymaking serves as a countervailing bridle against the violent passions of war and abusive political power. “Commerce cures destructive prejudices,” he declared. “It polishes and softens barbarous mores . . . . The natural effect of commerce is to lead to peace.”[3] Commerce improves society: “The spirit of commerce brings with it the spirit of frugality, of economy, of moderation, of work, of wisdom, of tranquility, of order, and of regularity.”[4]

Adam Smith (1723-90) held similar views. He wrote eloquently of the public benefits of pursuing one’s private self-interest, but he was no apologist for unbridled greed. Smith disapproved of private gain if it meant defrauding or deceiving someone in business. To quote Smith: “But man has almost constant occasion for the help of his brethren . . . . He will be more likely to prevail if he can interest their self-love in his favour . . . . Give me that which I want, and you shall have this which you want, is the meaning of every such offer.”[5] In other words, all legitimate exchanges must benefit both the buyer and the seller, not one at the expense of the other. Smith’s model of natural liberty reflects this essential attribute: “Every man, as long as he does not violate the laws of justice, is left perfectly free to pursue his own interest his own way, and to bring both his industry and capital into competition with those of any other man, or order of men.”[6]

Smith favored enlightened self-interest and even self-restraint. Indeed, he firmly believed that a free commercial society moderated the passions and prevented a descent into a Hobbesian jungle, a theme echoing Montesquieu. He taught that commerce encourages people to defer gratification and to become educated, industrious, and self-disciplined. It is the fear of losing customers “which retrains his frauds and corrects his negligence.’[7]

Finally, Smith supported social institutions—the competitive marketplace, religious communities, and the law—to foster self-control, self-discipline, and benevolence.[8]

In sum, no system can eliminate greed, fraud, or violence. Socialism and communitarian organizations promise paradise, but seldom deliver. Oddly enough, it may be a freely competitive capitalist economy that can best foster self-discipline and control of the passions.

ABOUT MARK SKOUSEN

EDITORS NOTE: The featured image is courtesy of FEE and Shutterstock.


Notes

  1. Quoted in Jerry Z. Muller, Adam Smith in His Time and Ours (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993), p. 194.
  2. J. Paul Getty, How to Be Rich (New York: Jove Books, 1965), p. 154. This book is required reading for all investors.
  3. Charles de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 338.
  4. Quoted in Albert O. Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 71. I highly recommend this book on pre-Smithian views of capitalism.
  5. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (New York: Modern Library, 1965), p. 14.
  6. Ibid., p. 651. Italics added.
  7. Ibid., p. 129.
  8. Muller, p. 2.

GOVERNMENT WASTE: Sarasota County, Florida’s $7.7 Million White Elephant

Sarasota County, FL is replacing its 30-year old Gulf Gate library with a new 27,000 square foot facility. According to the Sarasota Herald-Tribune, “One of the challenges, the architects and builders learned, was coming up with a design that kept the much-appreciated ‘coziness’ of the old library while greatly expanding its size and offerings. The designers said they are confident they have been able to achieve that, at least in part by how bookstores like Barnes & Noble and coffee shops like Starbucks are able to bring cozy to large spaces.” [Emphasis added]

But wait, there is a Barnes & Nobel complete with coffee shop and NOOK store less than a half of a mile from this new facility. But it gets worse.

Within a one mile radius of this new $7.7 million dollar county library are two other brand new libraries. The Sarasota County School Board has within the past year opened newly built libraries at Riverview High School and the Sarasota County Technical Institute, which has its own cafe. Sarasota County has a total on nine libraries, each of which is within a short distance of a Sarasota school district library and multiple privately owned book stores.

sarasota county commissioners

Sarasota County Commissioners Robinson, Mason and Hines (L to R). Commissioners Barbetta and Patterson are not in the photo.

Question: Why can’t the Sarasota County library system and Sarasota County School Board get together and provide library services without such costly duplication?

Both government entities will find reasons why not. However, for taxpayers it makes no sense to have brand new public libraries in such close proximity to one another, all paid for by Sarasota County taxpayers.

According to Jeremy Greenfield from Forbes in 2013, “Hardcover book sales in the U.S. are up over 10% through the first eight months of 2013, according to the latest numbers from the Association of American Publishers. At the same time, adult ebook sales are only up 4.8%; all U.S. ebook sales, including children’s and religious ebooks, are down about 5%.” So people are buying more books, many online. So why spend this kind of money expanding a library with the intent of competing with public sector entities like Book-A-Million and Barnes & Noble.

Former Florida State Senator Mike Bennett notes, “I fought for years in the legislature that we should have every new library request to be incorporated into the public school system.  Students are comfortable going to the school campus.  I believe that if they are comfortable going there perhaps they would also go there to study, check out books, do research, have access to computers after school hours.  They have lots of parking for others to use the facilities.  I agree, this is a waste of money.”

Why waste money by building the Gulf Gate library in such close proximity to other adult libraries? Answer: Because the Sarasota County Commission can, it is government and always knows what is best for us, no matter what the price.

Who decides the top foreign aid recipients?

Viewing government documents showing a comparison of the top fifteen countries that received aid in 2002 and 2012 got me to wondering how a country gets on the coveted top fifteen handout list? After looking at the comparison between the two decades recipients I ended up with an uneasy feeling and let me explain as it is quite simple.

top-10-recipiens-of-aid-fy2013

For a larger view click on the chart.

In 2002 the top 15 countries consisted of those you would expect to be receiving aid like Israel, Egypt, Pakistan and Afghanistan. In 2012 those same four are on the top fifteen list but there was a major shift in the majority of the fifteen from 2002 to 2012.

In 2002 there was not one sub-Saharan country that was in the top fifteen recipients in the world. In 2012 that changed dramatically as eight of the top fifteen recipients were located in sub-Saharan Africa.

Kenya, home of Obama’s father, received $652 Million in aid in 2012 topped only by Tanzania with $752 Million. The other six countries rounding out the majority of eight in order of aid are Nigeria, Ethiopia, Mozambique, South Africa, South Sudan and Uganda totaling $4,619,000,000.00 in aid.

It is worth noting Kenya, Sudan, Uganda and Nigeria are ranked among the most corrupt governments in the world so it is only fitting the Obama administration would single them out for the most aid.

See the Congressional Research Office report Foreign Aid: An Introduction to U.S. Programs and Policy.

RELATED ARTICLE: “Foreign Aid” is Really Merely U.S. Crony Capitalism Enslaving the Poor via Taxpayer Money

The 10 Best Cities for Military Retirees to Launch Second Careers

A career in the military hones certain skill sets and talents, but where are the best places to take those talents once you’re out of the military? To coin a phrase from real estate, it’s all about location, location, location.

Much like Lebron James “taking his talents to South Beach,” here’s the countdown of the best places for retirees to make use of their particular talents, from #10 to #1:

#10: Manchester, NH

– Advantages for military retirees: High number of defense contracts, low unemployment, no state tax on military retirement pay, low or no sales tax, affordable housing – Primary job sectors: Engineering, defense, government.

#9: Omaha, NE

– Advantages for military retirees: Many  military contract, low unemployment, affordable cost of living, local base  amenities, high number of veteran-owned businesses – Primary job sectors: Government, defense, medical.

#8: Raleigh, NC

– Advantages for military retirees: Temperate climate, affordable cost of living, many industries that utilize military skills, quality base amenities and VA healthcare close by – Primary job sectors: Engineering, aviation, protective/emergency services.

#7: Philadelphia, PA

– Advantages for military retirees: High federal employment, defense contract awards and military skill jobs (despite higher unemployment rate than other areas), local access to VA health care and base privileges, no tax on military retirement pay – Primary job sectors: Government, defense, medical.

#6: Madison, WI

– Advantages for military retirees: Low unemployment rate and overall affordability, low sales tax, no state tax on military retirement pay, lower housing costs, high number of federal jobs, local VA medical center – Primary job sectors: Government, engineering, medical.

#5: San Antonio, TX

– Advantages for military retirees: High number of defense contracts and jobs that require military skills, convenient base amenities, local VA hospital, affordable standard of living, no state tax on military retirement pay – Primary job sectors: Defense, government, aviation.

#4: Austin, TX

– Advantages for military retirees: High federal   employment, large number of defense contracts and military skill-based jobs, affordable housing, no state tax on military retirement pay, comfortable climate – Primary job sectors: Engineering, government, defense.

#3: Richmond, VA

– Advantages for military retirees: Large number of defense contractors, federal employment opportunities and military skill-based jobs, access to VA and base facilities, low sales tax – Primary job sectors: Government, defense, protective/emergency services.

#2: Norfolk, VA

– Advantages for military retirees: Large number of federal jobs and opportunities in industries seeking military skills, large number of defense   contract awards, access to base amenities and VA hospital, mild climate, affordable housing – Primary job sectors: Defense, engineering, aviation.

#1: Oklahoma City, OK

– Advantages for military retirees: High number of jobs that require military skills, low unemployment rate, large number of veteran-owned businesses and federal jobs, many defense contracts, four military bases in the area, local VA medical center, affordable cost of living and housing – Primary job sectors: Government, medical, aviation.

For Too Many, It’s a Very Unhappy Fourth of July

As Americans pause to celebrate the 238th signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, it well may be one of the saddest Fourth’s in decades. The six and a half years of the Obama regime has failed to unleash the nation’s capacity to recover from the 2008 financial crisis and has left the nation saddled in debt and dependency.

This is not what freedom is about, nor did the Founding Fathers conceive of a President who ruled with “a pen and a phone.”

As The Wall Street Journal reported on January 13, “The year began with the news that “World economic freedom has reached record levels according to the 2014 Index of Economic Freedom released Tuesday by the Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal. But after seven straight years of decline, the U.S. has dropped out of the top ten most economically free countries.” What this means is that “those losing freedom risk economic stagnation, high unemployment, and deteriorating social conditions.”

That is a description of life in America today. It is a nation in which regard for Congress and the mainstream media has plunged to new lows.

In February, CNSnews reported that “The debt of the U.S. government has increased $6,666 trillion since President Barack Obama took office on January 20, 2009, according to the latest numbers release by the Treasury Department.” When he was first inaugurated, the debt was $10,626,877,913.08 and as of January 31, 2014 the debt was $17,293,019,654,983.61.” Looking back in time, the total debt of the U.S. did not exceed $6,666 trillion until July 2003, meaning that the U.S. has accumulated as much debt as it did in its first 227 years.

As the year began, the unemployment figures cited by the government were in dispute. One influential Wall Street adviser, David John Marotta, calculated that those not working when the year began represented 37.2% of the labor force as defined by the portion of people who did not have a job, had given up looking for one, and those who had no intention of working for a living. The government calculated the unemployment rate at 6.7%.

Being a native-born American offered no advantage for those seeking work. The Center for Immigration Studies released a study that said that “Since the year 2000 all of the net increase in the number of working-age (16-65) people holding a job has gone to immigrants (legal and illegal)” even though native-born Americans accounted to two-thirds of the growth in the total working-age population.

Since 2000 more than 17 million immigrants arrived in the country, a time period in which native employment “has deteriorated significantly.” Given the wholesale invasion of illegal immigrants that is occurring, this calls for the enforcement of existing immigration laws and a secure southern border.

Since Obama took office, all manner of government benefit programs have been expanded. They include Medicaid, food stamps, Supplemental Security Income, public housing, and  temporary Assistance for Needy Families. In the fourth quarter of 2011, the Census Bureau calculated that there were 109,592,000 who lived in a household that included people “on one or more means-tested programs.”

Contrast that with 86,429,000 full-time private sector workers and it means that 14,802,00 non-veteran benefit takers outnumbered those whose taxes support them by a rate of 1.7 to 1.

There are more Americans, 10,982,920, receiving disability benefits than the individual populations of Greece, Portugal, Tunisia, and Burundi. November 2013 was the 202nd straight month that the number of disabled workers in the United States increased.

We live in a welfare state in which the federal government funds 126 separate programs targeted toward low-income people, 72 of which provide either cash or in-kind benefits to individuals. The Cato Institute said that “Congress and state legislatures should consider strengthening work requirements in welfare programs, removing exemptions, and narrowing the definition of work.” Keep in mind that welfare benefits are not taxed while wages are.

This is not to say that people on welfare are lazy. Surveys consistently demonstrate their desire for a job. The reality in America on the Fourth of July 2014 is that jobs do not exist and the cause is Big Government and policies that thwart the creation of new businesses and add costs to those that do. In America, corporations are taxed at a rate higher than most other nations.

Over recent years, the U.S. government has given our taxpayer money to a long list of other nations and even to terrorist organizations such as Hamas, a Palestinian non-state entity, which annually receives $440 million. Others include Mexico which has received $662 million, Kenya which received $816 million, and Nigeria which received $816 million. Pakistan has received $2 billion and Iraq which received $1.08 billion.

As the Fourth of July arrives, we have learned that American veterans are dying for lack of care by the Veterans Administration, conservative groups seeking non-profit status have been targeted by the Internal Revenue Service, and Obama immigration policies have deliberately triggered a wholesale invasion by illegal aliens. We have witnessed the failures associated with the introduction of Obamacare and are learning that it is filled with taxes while destroying what was regarded as the best healthcare system in the world.

As of late June, Gallup polls put the disapproval of the President at 52%. Confidence in the President was only 29% while Congress received only 7%.

It is not a happy Fourth of July in America and far too many Americans—nearly half—still believe the President is doing a good job despite ample evidence that his “transformation” of America has harmed the nation in countless ways.

© Alan Caruba, 2014

Tax Flight

When federal and state taxes are accounted for, The United States has the highest corporate tax rate in the world. When it comes to the top marginal rates—including state taxes—of individual earners, many Americans are seeing more than half their income simply taken away. It’s no surprise, then, that some of the most productive citizens are leaving for more hospitable climes.

This behavior is called jurisdictional tax arbitrage. At a certain point, if you want to grow your business or keep the fruits of your enterprise, it makes sense to take advantage of more favorable taxation rates in other countries. In other words: Leave.

Some call this “unpatriotic.” Others attempt to characterize it as some evil superclass that wants to game complex global rules out of sheer greed.

Canadian pundit-turned-politician Chrystia Freeland writes:

What is more relevant to our times, though, is that the rich of today are also different from the rich of yesterday. Our light-speed, globally connected economy has led to the rise of a new super-elite that consists, to a notable degree, of first- and second-generation wealth. Its members are hardworking, highly educated, jet-setting meritocrats who feel they are the deserving winners of a tough, worldwide economic competition—and many of them, as a result, have an ambivalent attitude toward those of us who didn’t succeed so spectacularly. Perhaps most noteworthy, they are becoming a transglobal community of peers who have more in common with one another than with their countrymen back home. Whether they maintain primary residences in New York or Hong Kong, Moscow or Mumbai, today’s super-rich are increasingly a nation unto themselves.

It’s not immediately clear from the foregoing passage whether we’re supposed to love or hate this new “super-elite.” But for the social democratic author of Plutocrats, this nation-unto-itself is just crying out for annexation by a voracious steroid-State that depends on transfers for its very existence.

Quicker than you can say “Koch Brothers,” the left has painted a picture not of entrepreneurs and investors who are trying to protect capital from predatory politicians and bureaucrats, but of a wealthyUebermenschen who have purchased the political process. And it is the grain of truth in this latter description that stokes the fires of redistributionist populism.

It is up to us to reframe such views and to disentangle the makers from the takers—the crony capitalists from the value creators. For if we do not, we will find that those who make the world a better place through principled entrepreneurship will simply take themselves away to Panama or Hong Kong. What will be left behind are precisely the sort of people who are willing to purchase the political process to ensure that rents flow into their coffers. Actually, this is not prediction. This is happening already. The question is, when will this brain-cum-capital drain complete itself?

The United States is no longer a home where value creators are welcome. They are viewed as geese with golden eggs to be slain for a laundry list of progressive ends. And progressive populism, with all its talk of one-percenters and “inequality,” will continue to drive good people to take flight. Worse, progressive populism drives the justification for global tax collectors to jet off in hot pursuit.

It’s a good thing entrepreneurs still have a place to go. If it were less costly to pick up and go, more of us might follow. In a global economy, at least valuable capital is protected from the parasitic political classes for a little while longer. After all, many of those who are taking their money and running are still stewards of capital, meaning it can still be deployed for the creation of goods and services. If Leviathan can get its tentacles on that capital, it will be lost in the belly of the transfer State—feeding the addictions of welfare queens, corporate cronies, and the military-industrial complex.

In honor of those one-percenters who have gotten the hell out of dodge, let us raise a glass and a stogie. Here’s hoping there is still sanctuary in the Caymans for turtles and tycoons.

The July/August issue of the Freeman is now live!

EDITORS NOTE: The featured image is courtesy of FEE and Shutterstock.

What Economic Recovery?

You have to know that the Obama administration has run out of excuses for destroying the U.S. economy when it starts to blame it on the weather.

According to the Commerce Department, the economy based on its Gross domestic product–the value of its goods and services–fell at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 2.9% in the first quarter of this year. That was the largest recorded drop since the end of World War II in 1945!

The June 20th edition of The Wall Street Journal’s article, “Economy Shrank Rapidly in First Quarter” led off by reporting that “Weather disruptions at home and weak demand abroad caused a contraction in the U.S. economy in the first quarter, renewing doubts about the strength of the nation’s five-year-old recovery.”

unemployment graph

For a larger view click on the graph.

What recovery? When the economy stays in the basement for five years you are looking at an on-going stagnation based on too much government interference with growth, the decline of the nation’s middle class, the lack of new start-up businesses, and the reluctance or inability of consumers to spend money, if they have any to spend.

In May, writing on his blog, Economic Collapse, Michael Synder pointed to “27 Hugh Red Flags for the U.S. Economy” noting, for example, that according to government numbers, “everyone is unemployed in 20 percent of all American families.” The other indicators include:

  • Sales for construction equipment were down 13% in April and have been down for 17 months in a row.
  • During the first quarter of 2014, profits at the office supplies giant, Staples, fell by 43.5%
  • Foot traffic at Wal-Mart stores fell by 1.4% during the first quarter of 2014.
  • It is being projected that Sears will soon close hundreds more stores and may go out of business altogether.
  • Existing home sales have fallen for seven of the last eight months and seem to repeating a pattern witnessed back in 2007 prior to the last financial crash.
  • The home ownership rate in the U.S. has dropped to the lowest level in 19 years.

You do not have to be an economist to understand that President Obama’s economic policies are flat-out failures that include a “stimulus” that wasted billions of taxpayer dollars without stimulating the economy, nor that having a $17 trillion debt means anything other than a nation teetering on a massive economic collapse.

In May, CNSnews reported that “A record 92,594,000 Americans were not in the labor force in April as the labor force participation rate matched a 36-year low of 62.8 percent, according to data released today by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.”

This is not my definition of a “recession” although we are told that it ended in 2009. This is a “depression” for millions of Americans. The labor force participation rate has gone from 63.5% to 63.3%, the lowest since 1979, but the Obama administration keeps telling us that it is “improving.”

Consumer spending is down. Exports are down. Employment is barely increasing. The only thing that is up is inflation.

Edward C. Prescott, a 2004 Nobel Laureate in Economics and Lee E. Ohanian, a professor of economics UCLA, writing in the June 26 edition of The Wall Street Journal, noted that the declining GDP rate was “the worst productivity statistic since 1990. And productivity since 2005 has declined by more than 8% relative to its long-run trend. This means that business output is nearly $1 trillion less today than what it would be had productivity continued to grow at its average rate of about 2.5% per year.”

“Lagging productivity growth is an enormous problem because virtually all of the increase in Americans’ standard of living is made possible by rising worker productivity.”

The Obama administration would have you believe that the economic decline in the first quarter was due to a harsh winter. They will be blaming it on a hot summer come autumn.

This is an administration whose main theme these days is the threat of “climate change”, but it has nothing to do with the climate and everything to do with vast government spending and borrowing, an explosion of regulations that have slowed or stopped the creation of new businesses, a “war on coal” that is forcing a decline in the production of electricity, and a widespread perception that the President is the worst to have held office since the nation began.

There is no recovery. There is a return to the factors that led to the 2008 financial crisis. Government entities Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac that bought up all the sub-prime mortgage loans and packaged them as assets are still in business. Credit card companies are reaching out to sub-prime users, signing them up. Nobody seems to learn anything from the past, even if it is the recent past.

If the control of the U.S. Senate cannot be wrested away from a Democratic Party led by Harry Reid and a GOP increase in the U.S. House that was led by Nancy Pelosi until the 2010 elections cannot be achieved in the forthcoming November elections, the President’s continued attack on the economy—which includes a massive increase in illegal immigration—the nation’s economy will remain tenuous.

© Alan Caruba, 2014

RELATED ARTICLES:

Millennials Unemployment Report: 15.2% of Workers 18-29 Out of Work – ‘More Jobs’ Needed

The Long-Term Unemployment Crisis Is as Bad as Ever

Keynes = Marx to the Power of Ten

The Von Mises organization recently published an article showing how Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe (pronounced Ah‛-bĕ) is severely damaging the Japanese economy through his Keynesian economic policies, borrowed from Uncle Sam, who has had equal “success” with them. Abe introduced a program of currency issuance of unprecedented magnitude that immediately led to an equally unprecedented sales tax increase that has drastically curtailed household spending.

When it comes to economics (and foreign policy in some ways), the libertarians (represented, for example, by the Von Mises Organization) are essentially on the money. Unfortunately, they are miles from the mark in social terms, advocating as they do, for example, unlimited immigration, which they say will be controlled once we get rid of socialism. They seem not to have noticed that we have not yet gotten rid of socialism, inasmuch as their adherents in politics are anxiously striving to establish “immigration reform,” i.e., code for amnesty for undocumented immigrants. Nor do they explain how undocumented workers who cross the border illegally for work would be daunted by a lack of welfare payments (for which they are not eligible anyway). Likewise, they advocate legalizing heretofore illegal drugs, based on the untested postulate that the problem will go away if they can just make drugs legal, because illegality makes them more attractive.

The problem with all –isms is that they degenerate from ideas to religions, and ignore reality. Like all –isms, libertarianism pointedly ignores the real world models, as I have pointed out here and here with regard to addictive drugs and here with regard to prostitution.

But libertarianism is not the only –ism that ignores reality when shaping policy.

The broader point that you should be able to infer from this (knowing what you do about fascism, Nazism, Marxism, etc) is that the scientific method of inquiry is shelved by ideologues of all stripes, who rely solely on propaganda and lofty theoretical writings, speeches, press releases and slogans whose net result is to keep people ignorant of the true effects of their policies and ideologies and to keep their pet ideas safely out of the clutches of serious inquiry. In many cases, we are even told that a highly questionable idea is “settled science,” the ultimate inquiry quencher.

I had outlined previously why the scientific method is key and have pointed out that it is, ironically, almost universally rejected or neglected in those areas where it is most urgently needed.

If a political party could be put together with a libertarian economic platform and a conservative social platform ─ with both being based on real world models and not ideology, it would be a formidable force for revitalizing the Western world in economic, social and cultural terms.

In fact, were all professionals, particularly journalists, and politicians to adopt a scientific approach to reporting facts and ideas, the world would change tomorrow, knowledge would blossom and most of the untoward effects of ignorance would be roundly defeated.

Unfortunately, libertarianism has degenerated into anarchy. Literally. The Von Mises Organization endorses something called Anarcho-Capitalism, as I pointed out and debunked in an article appearing in American Daily Herald.

In addition to adopting a rigorous scientific approach to reporting, what America needs to do right now is stress two issues that politicians on both sides have always been reluctant to touch, and that is, sovereignty (the libertarians ignore it but so do the Dems and Rs) and Keynesianism.

We need to fight hard to recover our American sovereignty (protecting American culture and borders, declaring and defending our independence of groups like the UN and the CFR that remain consistently aloof to the grassroots, abolition of bureaucracies like the Department of Education, Agriculture, Homeland Security, NSA, etc, and restoration of monetary autonomy — freedom from the Fed). And we need to free America from Keynesianism, which is a sophisticated form of Marxism, only more dangerous because it is a virus infecting the entire globe, spreading poverty everywhere. Both of the main US parties are Keynesian through and through, which is why our economy is failing. (That’s why voting indiscriminately for GOP candidates won’t save us until we can successfully launch an anti-Keynesianism campaign that makes words like “stimulus” and policies like government job creation anathema to the public).

The article linked above handily dispatches Keynesian “stimulus” (in this context, we must never write that without quotation marks. Economic “stimulus” as commonly construed only stimulates poverty, nothing else) and shows how it is slowly eroding the Japanese economy, which is the U.S. economy on steroids.

no_new_keynes_marxism_shirtThis is scary, Folks. It is where we are headed if we can’t get rid of most of our politicians and kick out any lawmaker who votes for “stimulus” or suggests that jobs can be created by government.

The only legitimate and authentic job creation is the creation of jobs that pay employees out of earnings derived on the free market, not from the public treasury, and without competition-stifling cronyism. The only true stimulus is less government-business cronyism. We therefore desperately need to introduce and enforce the concept of separation of business and state.

Here’s an idea for a T-Shirt, bumper sticker, poster or the like: Keynes = Marx 10.

Okaloosa County, FL Tourist Development Council: A Progressive Slush fund

Does your county or parish or borough have a TDC or Tourist Development Council?

The Okaloosa County Tourist Development Council (TDC) collects money in the form of a bed tax which is nothing more than another “progressive slush fund.” A redistribution hub for wealth taken from folks who stay at hotels. Its yet another tax burden on the local hotels, and another layer of regulation and control placed upon the hospitality services industry.

The time has come for the Okaloosa County Florida Commissioners to shut down and disband the TDC, which practices crony capitalism, and redistributes wealth. If you want to increase tourism then abolish the bed tax. Repealing the bed tax will make hotel rooms in Okaloosa County more competitive. Why does eliminating the the bed tax and with it the TDC make for good public policy? Well lets look at the 2013 audit of the Okaloosa County TDC. Here is what the audit found:

GENERAL FINDINGS

Finding No. 1: The Board of County Commissioners (BCC) did not establish annual budgets for expenditures from restricted resources at the level the resources were restricted, or project budgets for each advertising project and marketing campaign, to ensure that available resources were not overspent.

Finding No. 2: The Tourist Development Council (TDC) and TDC subcommittees performed duties that were not of an advisory nature, contrary to law.

Finding No. 3: The TDC did not continuously review all expenditures of tourist development taxes, contrary to law.

Finding No. 4: The County purchased goods and services from companies or organizations that were affiliated with members of the BCC, TDC, or a TDC subcommittee, contrary to law.

Finding No. 5: The BCC had not adopted a fraud response plan, and the County did not perform periodic fraud risk assessments or establish action plans to implement and monitor fraud controls.

Finding No. 6: The County did not perform and document periodic control risk assessments over the activities of collecting, accounting for, and disbursing restricted resources to identify and respond to identified control risks.

Finding No. 7: The County did not consistently follow prescribed policies and procedures relating to the competitive procurement of goods and services, including the selection of two advertising and marketing firms.

Finding No. 8: The County negotiated and entered into contracts that did not contain adequate provisions to effectively protect the County’s interests.

Finding No. 9: The County did not perform an adequate review or pre-audit of invoices submitted by two advertising and marketing firms, including a comparison of payment requests to the provisions of contracts. As a result, the County paid two advertising and marketing firms $12.1 million without obtaining adequate documentation supporting the goods or services received, including payments of several invoices that incorrectly or inadequately described the actual goods or services purchased.

Finding No. 10: The County did not ensure that goods or services acquired through two advertising and marketing firms were competitively procured.

Finding No. 11: The County paid for certain goods and services in advance of their receipt, including certain goods and services acquired through two advertising and marketing firms, contrary to law and the State Constitution. Some services for which the County paid in advance were not subsequently provided.

Finding No. 12: The County did not consistently follow prescribed policies and procedures relating to the approval of purchases, including purchases made through two advertising and marketing firms.

Finding No. 13: The County did not consistently follow prescribed policies and procedures relating to the use of purchasing cards (p-cards), document the receipt of goods and services purchased with p-cards that were not immediately provided to the purchaser, or document the public purpose served by the p-card expenditures.

TRAVEL

Finding No. 14: The County needed to enhance its policies and procedures to ensure that travel expenditures were preapproved and adequately documented.

SPECIAL EVENTS GRANTS AND SPONSORSHIPS

Finding No. 15: The BCC had not adopted written policies and procedures relating to special events grants, and the County did not document that the special events grants were used for allowable purposes or were effective in increasing tourism and the use of lodging facilities.

Finding No. 16: The BCC had not adopted written policies and procedures relating to sponsorships of organizations or events. In addition, the County did not consistently document the purpose for which the sponsorships were provided, that the sponsorships were used for allowable purposes, or that the sponsorships were effective in achieving the purposes for which they were provided.

Finding No. 17: The County paid $2.5 million from tourist development taxes for life-guarding, beach patrol, and beach shuttle services that were not expressly authorized by law.

Finding No. 18: The County paid $117,994 for various goods and services from British Petroleum (BP) grant funds that were, in the past, paid from tourist development taxes, contrary to grant provisions.

Finding No. 19: As part of the Emerald Coast Money Debit Card Program, the County used $207,730 of BP grant funds for purposes that County records did not evidence were allowed by grant provisions.

Finding No. 20: The County overcharged BP $27,063 in connection with medical support services provided, and County records did not adequately support the allow-ability of $385,185 in reimbursements received from BP.

MOTOR VEHICLES

Finding No. 21: The County had not established adequate controls over the use of fuel cards.

ACCOUNTING CONTROLS

Finding No. 22: The County incorrectly classified and recorded certain expenditures in the accounting records, contrary to guidance provided by the Florida Department of Financial Services.

ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFERS

Finding No. 23: The BCC had not adopted written policies and procedures, and the County had not established adequate controls, over the authorization and processing of electronic funds transfers.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CONTROLS

Finding No. 24: The County had not established adequate controls over employee access privileges to data and information technology resources.

PUBLIC RECORDS

Finding No. 25: The County did not record minutes of a TDC and TDC subcommittee meeting, contrary to law. In addition, the minutes of the remaining meetings were not signed or otherwise designated to indicate the minutes were the official minutes approved by the TDC or TDC subcommittees. Who was running this redistribution of wealth slush fund when these problems were identified?

TOURIST DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL EXPENDITURES

A review or test of 45 purchases, totaling $1.2 million and funded from tourist development taxes or BP grant funds, disclosed 3 purchases (6.7 percent), totaling $53,730, that were not approved by one or more required employees, contrary to County purchasing policies and procedures. These payments included a $49,500 payment for production services at beach concerts, a $2,430 payment for promotional golf caps, and an $1,800 payment for two tables of ten people at a dinner and silent auction for a charitable organization.

What we have is a government controlled slush fund used to redistribute the taxpayers hard earned cash. The above listed 25 reasons should be enough to abolish the TDC, which was created in 1986.

I moved to Florida in 1982 and I learned all I needed to know about Florida from friends and by word of mouth. I did not need a TDC to bring me to Florida.

Its time to disband the TDC, abolish the bed tax and get rid of these incredulous burden’s of paper work and wealth redistribution. Lets turn Florida into an example of lower taxes, less government and ever more growth. As for the TDC, it needs to take a long walk off a short turtle protected pier.

TOLD YOU SO!

On June 25, 2014, I spent an hour on the phone with our client and Medicare to get Medicare to correct its erroneous records about our client.  The client is from Valparaiso, Indiana.  We spoke to three Medicare representatives at three offices.

The client is a victim of the Obamacare law (a.k.a. “Affordable Care Act”).  Her employer cancelled the group health insurance plan for all the employees.  This forced them to obtain insurance through other Obamacare approved insurance plans.  Our client had another option.  The client worked past age 65.  So, she could go on Medicare and obtain a Medicare supplement insurance policy with a rather low monthly premium.

She (and all her co-workers) lost her employer’s group health plan coverage on February 28, 2014.  Her Medicare and Medicare supplement coverage started March 1, 2014.

But, when the client and I phoned Medicare on June 25, it had not yet updated the records.  Medicare records still showed that our client was on an employer provided group health insurance plan.  Medicare had not changed our client’s records for about four months.  During that time, the doctors who gave her service were not being paid anything by Medicare and Medicare was not forwarding claims information to the client’s Medicare supplement insurance company.  This tardiness by Medicare was a problem even before Obamacare.

During the Obamacare law debates, I repeatedly warned in my articles that there are problems with both Medicare and the Veterans Administration (VA) health systems.  I knew that because for years I had helped senior citizens who had problems with both of those federal health care systems.  I warned that if a national health care system was modeled on Medicare or the VA, then ALL AMERICANS WOULD START HAVING THE SAME KINDS OF PROBLEMS THAT SENIOR CITIZENS HAVE BEEN EXPERIENCING FOR YEARS UNDER MEDICARE AND THE VA.

Since then, Obamacare became law.  Now, we have learned that the VA was letting senior veterans DIE rather than give them medical service, that VA officials were keeping “off-record” books about the veterans who were not getting medical attention in order for some high level VA officials to claim and get bonuses that they did not deserve for good management.  Also, Medicare still does not have a system for quick changes to records so that medical claims are processed correctly for senior citizens who just start Medicare.

I told you so!  One of the reasons that the Obamacare law is bad is because it just increases and spreads problems that were already in the Medicare and VA health care systems.

If Obamacare remains the law, I expect that in the future the Obamacare law will be amended to allow the federal government to order seniors to die to save the federal government money rather than just recommend that seniors die as is the current law.

EDITORS NOTE: Note: Woodrow Wilcox is the senior medical bill case worker at a major insurance agency in northwest Indiana.  Wilcox has helped senior clients of that agency save over one million by correcting medical bill errors that were caused by mistakes in the Medicare system.  He wrote the book SOLVING MEDICARE PROBLEM$ (www.solvingmedicareproblems.com) to teach others how to help senior citizens with Medicare related medical bill problems.  To educate the public, Wilcox recently launched the website www.ObamacareHurtsSeniors.com.

© 2014 Woodrow Wilcox

Government Is Always the Answer, Even if Government Was the Problem by Lawrence W. Reed

When the housing bubble burst in 2008 and brought much of the economy down with it, the more thoughtful analysts explained that government was hardly an innocent bystander. Its housing agencies, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, played the roles of Bonnie and Clyde. Congress and the White House drove the getaway car (by endlessly pushing laws and rules to foist bad loans on the country in the name of home ownership) and the Federal Reserve filled the gas tank with cheap money.

Of course, the government learned its lesson and won’t do that sort of thing again, right? Hardly. It’s been doubling down since 2008—bailing out bad guys and pumping out the fuel that’s kept interest rates at rock bottom.

Don’t expect Washington to fix the fundamentals when its time horizon ends with the next election. In the perverse world of politics, problems don’t get solved as much as they get perpetuated. If you play it right, that’s how you keep your job. Look busy, talk tough, demagogue the issue, score rhetorical points, but don’t fix anything.

And remember: Government is always the answer, even if government was the problem in the first place.

What government did for housing pre-2008 is essentially what it’s been doing in the student loan market for years as well. Moreover, it’s about to go from bad to worse because the Obama administration is not exactly in a Mr. Fix-It mode.

Earlier this month, the President signed another imperial decree (excuse me, executive order is the more polite term), this time to extend to about five million student borrowers the ability to cap their loan payments to 10 percent of their incomes above $18,000. For example, if a college graduate makes $48,000 in his first year out of school, he can opt to limit his student loan payments to 10 percent of $30,000 (the difference between $18,000 and $48,000), which is $3,000. That amounts to a maximum loan payment of $250 per month.

In a statement on June 10, the President added, “We then have additional programs so that if you go into one of the helping professions—public service, law enforcement, social work, teaching—then over time that debt could actually be forgiven.”

In Obamaspeak, the “helping professions” are government jobs. They are not to be confused with the “non-helping professions” in the private sector—you know, all those tens of millions of jobs that don’t help people, one of which you probably hold. If you’re in a “helping profession,” any remaining balance on your loan will be forgiven in 10 years; if you’re a non-helper, you have to wait another 10 years for forgiveness. I kid you not.

(This extension of the loan payment cap applies to those who took out loans prior to 2008. It already encompasses those who have secured loans in more recent years.)

The White House observes, “Over the past three decades, the average tuition at a public four-year college has more than tripled, while a typical family’s income has barely budged.” True enough. But federal student loans, at over $100 billion this year alone, are already more than double the amount of a decade ago. The Wall Street Journal reports, “The average Class of 2014 graduate with student-loan debt has to pay back some $33,000…. Even after adjusting for inflation that’s nearly double the amount borrowers had to pay back 20 years ago.”

The evidence is indisputable that college costs even after inflation have soared, as has the debt that students are incurring to pay them. So to deal with this problem, we have to increase subsidies to borrow the money? That sounds a lot like what we heard a while ago about housing: “Everybody should have a house. Let’s drive interest rates down and make it easier to get a mortgage.”

Oops. We know how that worked out, don’t we? When asked how much the recent Obama executive order on student loans could end up costing taxpayers, Secretary of Education Arne Duncan displayed the same callous indifference to long-run consequences that characterized the housing craze. He said with a long, straight face, “We’ll figure that out at the back end.” I think the French put it more elegantly: “Après moi, le deluge.

While politicians throw more and more of other people’s money at colleges and universities, Americans are catching on to the scams in higher education—the excessive bureaucracy, the mushrooming of dubious and politically correct courses, and the like. In The Chronicle of Higher Education last year, Kevin Carey of the New America Foundation noted that there’s been a substantial reduction since 1975 in tenure-track and full-time instructors at the same time as the ranks of college administrators have grown. Furthermore, he wrote, “anecdotes of universities’ building elaborate recreational facilities featuring things like lazy rivers (these having replaced climbing walls as emblems of excess) are commonplace, as are money-losing sports programs, aggressive building programs, and other expenditures that belie any sense of financial restraint.”

In the June 22 Chicago Tribune, editorialist Steve Chapman pointed out that “thinking that more federal aid will make college affordable is like believing that a dog can catch its tail if it goes faster … The more the government does, the less reason students have to demand cost control, and the higher tuition will climb.”

Why be careful with your money if the feds will subsidize your customers so they can pay you?

President Obama says he is “working with college presidents” to better contain costs, but what do you suppose “working with” them really means? Talking? Holding conferences? Issuing press releases? Does Obama know any more about the cost of running a college than he does about costs within his own healthcare program?

Even so, Chapman argues, “Some perspective is in order. Though some students acquire huge debts, two-thirds graduate owing $10,000 or less, and only 2 percent owe more than $50,000. Not all of the latter need to worry. A newly minted doctor, lawyer or MBA from a good school can expect an income more than adequate to meet the need.” The class of 2014 is deeper in debt than any of its predecessors, to be sure, but let’s not forget that the average college graduate still earns considerably more than the average non-graduate.

The real reason behind the Obama initiative is most likely crass vote-buying. It’s the old welfare state trick again—target a constituency, offer them money and make them think they’ve got a right to it, then parade as their savior as you vilify those who oppose your generosity. “If you’re a big oil company, they’ll go to bat for you. If you’re a student, good luck,” Obama said on June 9 while speaking of those who might raise questions about his plan. This stuff works with some people (maybe a lot of them), so the politicians assume they can be bought and paid for with other people’s money. He’s appealing to those who refuse to think beyond themselves, who don’t contemplate things like the long term or the rights and property of other people.

So let’s put all this together. We have here what Oliver Hardy might call “another fine mess” that Washington has gotten us into. Let me count the ways:

  1. The federal government decided it wanted to help college students so it stuck its nose in the student loan business. Its subsidies encourage higher college costs and greater student debt.
  2. Students voluntarily took on debt because, especially at subsidized rates, they thought it was a good deal. Now we have a debt problem and the President wants to ease it by transferring even more student debt onto the shoulders of taxpayers. This is the same President whose policies are preventing the kind of robust economic growth that would make debt easier to repay.
  3. Students who choose not to go to college tend to earn less than those who do, but they are also taxpayers. So the Obama plan essentially means that sooner or later, the taxes of those non-college graduates will help pay the debts of the higher-income earning graduates.
  4. Though student debt is already a mountainous $1.2 trillion, the generous Obama giveaway means that incurring debt will now be even more attractive. So expect that figure to rise much higher.
  5. Nobody in Washington, even the secretary of education, has a clue about what the costs of this latest transfer scheme will be.

What could possibly go wrong?

It didn’t have to be this way. Alternatives to bad government policies do exist, even if Washington isn’t listening. (See herehere, and here). But there’s an aspect of this manufactured “crisis” that needs to be understood right out of the gate, or no genuine solution is likely: There is no right to a college education.

Human rights are not duties imposed on others. (Your right to freedom of speech, for instance, doesn’t impose anything on anyone else). Human rights are not mere “wants” that require other people to give you something. (Your right to speak doesn’t mean you can force anyone to give you a megaphone or a platform). Human rights are universal, meaning that you can exercise them without depriving anyone else of any of their rights.

How does this apply to college? You have every right to seek a college education and to contract with others to provide it to you freely—but you have no right to compel anyone to give you one or to pay for it. You cannot enslave another person because you want a college degree. This is one of the fundamentals that must be acknowledged or just about any counterproductive federal program will only grow, no matter the cost or adverse consequences.

When government is the problem, more of it is not likely to be a helpful solution. That applies to the student loan issue just as much as it does to anything else.

20130918_larryreedauthorABOUT LAWRENCE W. REED

Lawrence W. (“Larry”) Reed became president of FEE in 2008 after serving as chairman of its board of trustees in the 1990s and both writing and speaking for FEE since the late 1970s. Prior to becoming FEE’s president, he served for 20 years as president of the Mackinac Center for Public Policy in Midland, Michigan. He also taught economics full-time from 1977 to 1984 at Northwood University in Michigan and chaired its department of economics from 1982 to 1984.

EDITORS NOTE: This commentary was published by CNSnews.com on June 24, 2014.

Heterogeneity: A Capital Idea! by Sandy Ikeda

When Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the 21st Century was released in English earlier this year it sparked vigorous debate on the issue of wealth inequality. Despite the prominence of the word in the title, however, capital has not itself become a hot topic. Apparently none of his defenders have taken the opportunity to explore capital theory, and, with a few exceptions, neither have his critics.

To prepare to read Mr. Piketty’s book I’ve been studying Ludwig Lachmann’s Capital and Its Structure, which, along with Israel M. Kirzner’s Essay on Capital, is among the clearest expositions of Austrian capital theory around. A hundred years ago the “Austrian economists”—i.e. scholars such as Eugen von Boehm-Bawerk who worked in the tradition of Carl Menger—were renowned for their contributions to the theory of capital. Today capital theory is still an essential part of modern Austrian economics, but few others delve into its complexities. Why bother?

Capital is heterogeneous

Among the Austrians, Boehm-Bawerk viewed capital as “produced means of production” and for Ludwig von Mises “capital goods are intermediary steps on the way toward a definite goal.” (Israel Kirzner uses the metaphor of a “half-baked cake.”)  Lachmann then places capital goods in the context of a person’s plan: “production plans are the primary object of the theory of capital.” You can combine capital goods in only a limited number of ways within a particular plan. Capital goods then aren’t perfect substitutes for one another. Capital is heterogeneous.

Now, mainstream economics treats capital as a homogenous glob. For instance, both micro- and macroeconomists typically assume Output (Q) is a mathematical function of several factor inputs, e.g. Labor (L) and Capital (K) or

Q = f(L,K).

In this function, not only is output homogenous (whether we’re talking about ball-bearings produced by one firm or all the goods produced by all firms in an economy) but so are all labor inputs and all capital inputs used to produce them. In particular, any capital good can substitute perfectly for any other capital good in a firm or across all firms. A hammer can perfectly replace, say, a helicopter or even a harbor.

On the other hand, capital heterogeneity implies several things.

First, according to Mises, heterogeneity means that, “All capital goods have a more or less specific character.” A capital good can’t be used for just any purpose:  A hammer generally can’t be used as a harbor. Second, to make a capital good productive a person needs to combine it with other capital goods in ways that are complementary within her plan: Hammers and harbors could be used together to help repair a boat. And third, heterogeneity means that capital goods have no common unit of measurement, which poses a problem if you want to add up how much capital you have:  One tractor plus two computers plus three nails doesn’t give you “six units” of capital.

Isn’t “money capital” homogeneous? The monetary equivalent of one’s stock of capital, say $50,000, may be useful for accounting purposes, but that sum isn’t itself a combination of capital goods in a production process. If you want to buy $50,000 worth of capital you don’t go to the store and order “Six units of capital please!” Instead, you buy specific units of capital according to your business plan.

At first blush it might seem that labor is also heterogeneous. After all, you can’t substitute a chemical engineer for a pediatrician, can you? But in economics we differentiate between pure “labor” from the specific skills and know-how a person possesses. Take those away—what we call “human capital”—and then indeed one unit of labor could substitute for any other. The same goes for other inputs such as land. What prevents an input from substituting for another, other than distance in time and space, is precisely its capital character.

One more thing. We’re talking about the subjective not the objective properties of a capital good. That is, what makes an object a hammer and not something else is the use to which you put it. That means that physical heterogeneity is not the point, but rather heterogeneity in use. As Lachmann puts it, “Even in a building which consisted of stones completely alike these stones would have different functions.” Some stones serve as wall elements, others as foundation, etc. By the same token, physically dissimilar capital goods might be substitutes for each other. A chair might sometimes also make a good stepladder.

But, again, what practical difference does it make whether we treat capital as heterogeneous or homogenous? Here, briefly, are a few consequences.

Investment capital and income flows

When economists talk about “returns to capital” they often do so as if income “flows” automatically from an investment in capital goods. As Lachmann says:

In most of the theories currently in fashion economic progress is apparently regarded as the automatic outcome of capital investment, “autonomous” or otherwise. Perhaps we should not be surprised at this fact: mechanistic theories are bound to produce results that look automatic.

But if capital goods are heterogeneous, then whether or not you earn an income from them depends crucially on what kinds of capital goods you buy and exactly how you combine them, and in turn how that combination has to complement the combinations that others have put together. You build an office-cleaning business in the hopes that someone else has built an office to clean.

There’s nothing automatic about it; error is always a possibility. Which brings up another implication.

Entrepreneurship

Lachmann:

We are living in a world of unexpected change; hence capital combinations, and with them the capital structure, will be ever changing, will be dissolved and re-formed. In this activity we find the real function of the entrepreneur.

We don’t invest blindly. We combine capital goods using, among other things, the prices of inputs and outputs that we note from the past and the prices of those things we expect to see in the future. Again, it’s not automatic. It takes entrepreneurship, including awareness and vision. But in the real world—a world very different from the models of too many economists—unexpected change happens. And when it happens the entrepreneur has to adjust appropriately, otherwise the usefulness of her capital combinations evaporates. But that’s the strength of the market process.

A progressive economy is not an economy in which no capital is ever lost, but an economy which can afford to lose capital because the productive opportunities revealed by the loss are vigorously exploited.

In a dynamic economy, entrepreneurs are able to recombine capital goods to create value faster than it disappears.

Stimulus Spending

As the economist Roger Garrison notes, Keynes’s macroeconomics is based on labor, not capital. And when capital does enter his analysis Keynes regarded it the same way as mainstream economics: as a homogeneous glob.

Thus modern Keynesians, such as Paul Krugman, want to cure recessions by government “stimulus” spending, without much or any regard to what it is spent on, whether hammers or harbors. (Here is just one example.)  But the solution to a recession is not to indiscriminately increase overall spending. The solution is to enable people to use their local knowledge to invest in capital goods that complement existing capital combinations, within what Lachmann calls the capital structure, in a way that will satisfy actual demand. (That is why economist Robert Higgs emphasizes “real net private business investment” as an important indicator of economic activity.)  The government doesn’t know what those combinations are, only local entrepreneurs know, but its spending patterns certainly can and do prevent the right capital structures from emerging.

Finally, no one can usefully analyze the real world without abstracting from it. It’s a necessary tradeoff. For some purposes smoothing the heterogeneity out of capital may be helpful. Too often though the cost is just too high.

ABOUT SANDY IKEDA

Sandy Ikeda is an associate professor of economics at Purchase College, SUNY, and the author of The Dynamics of the Mixed Economy: Toward a Theory of Interventionism. He will be speaking at the FEE summer seminars “People Aren’t Pawns” and “Are Markets Just?

Red Scare: An Interview with Naomi Brockwell

Naomi Brockwell, also known as Bitcoin Girl, is an actor, producer, journalist, and program officer at the Moving Picture Institute. She’s one among a number of rising personalities in the liberty community who are breaking the mold and setting a new tone. Brockwell is also an opera singer, Reason TV correspondent, policy associate at the NYC Bitcoin Center, and on the advisory council for the Mannkal Foundation for economic education.

We don’t have the space to list her talents and accomplishments. But we can say she is FEE seminar faculty and will be speaking again at Freedom Fest this year for the second year in a rowWe got to sit down with Brockwell for a brief spell among her thousand projects.

The Freeman: Why does changing the world require artists?

Brockwell: If you want to change the world you have to change the underlying philosophy of a culture. You can try to educate people with facts and figures, but unless you understand how to connect to people, and unless you can reach out and speak to what’s important to them, all the data in the world won’t do you any good. People connect through storytelling. The emotionally compelling story of one individual can be more important for social change than all of the white papers stacked on top of each other. People don’t relate to facts, they relate to individuals and their stories, and it’s the role of the artist to tell these stories.

Artists throughout history have not only reflected what’s important in a culture, but they have helpeddefine it. Art changes the way people think, so if you want to change the world, then help artists redefine popular culture. Help artists expose people to new ideas, help them captivate the world with the issues that you believe are important. The fact is, films and stories will reach far more people than a white paper ever could, and this is why artists are so important. They have this immense power at their fingertips, and we need them to help us fight for positive change.

The Freeman: Who is Bitcoin Girl and what does she care about?

Brockwell: Bitcoin Girl is an educational platform that explores the cryptocurrency world and provides an alternative to the current trend in journalism of only printing doom-and-gloom as a way of getting a larger audience. There is massive demonization of cryptocurrency in the media, and it’s no wonder when you consider the vested interests that banks and governments have in destroying cryptocurrency. As a result, the only positive arguments that are honest about the benefits of cryptocurrency tend to be hidden away in esoteric subreddit threads, and are largely inaccessible to the average, unacquainted person. For this reason, the vast majority of people lap up what the mainstream media tells them, which is mainly negative and poorly informed.

Instead of being skeptical about this new protocol, people should be overwhelmingly excited about it and all of its possibilities we haven’t even begun to unlock. Bitcoin technology has the power to bring about incredible social change. It can lift people out of poverty. It can give people back freedom of speech. It can bring community together in a new peer-to-peer world—the full potential of which we’ve only seen a glimpse.

That is what Bitcoin Girl is: a more accessible way for people to learn about bitcoin, so that they are not forced to depend on a biased media for their information. It shows bitcoin in a refreshing way: as an exciting, powerful tool with the potential to create incredible positive change.

The Freeman: Self-awareness is vital to what you’re doing. What does it mean to cultivate one’s own brand?

Brockwell: I think the energy behind bitcoin is incredibly uplifting. I adore going to bitcoin conferences, because the atmosphere is one of creation and positivity. It is fun and inspiring: You’re surrounded by some of the smartest people in the world, and as Jeffrey Tucker astutely observes, they are all living 10 to 20 years in the future. And it’s like they’re in a giant playground. I hope that the Bitcoin Girl brand can harness the same sense of fun and lightheartedness. The one idea that I really want to reflect in this brand is that technology is not to be feared: It is value neutral. It’s really important that people don’t let fear of the unknown paralyze their willingness to explore something that has tremendous potential to benefit all mankind.

The Freeman: What would you say to rising personalities about the importance of projecting yourself in interesting ways?

Brockwell: Of course it’s always good to stand out, but I don’t believe that people will connect with what you’re saying simply because you stand out. Authenticity is supremely important, and you have to be completely passionate about what you are saying. That’s what will make you interesting. It’s not so much the image that you’re projecting that is important, but the principles you live by and the extent to which you are willing to fight for a cause that you believe in. If you want to be a respected personality, or just a respected person, then command respect.

The Freeman: In terms of movement-building, what do you think about the idea of tapping into different subcultures—like bitcoiners?

Brockwell: Bitcoiners value technological innovation, and they recognize innovation as the way of solving the world’s problems. They are also skeptical of the government’s role in this process, and see government interference in their developments and experimental startups as a hindrance rather than a help. They are also skeptical of the need for centralized banks, and are increasingly seeing the value in decentralized, peer-to-peer exchanges where the regulation is build into the technology rather than given to a third party. I think there are a lot of people in the freedom movement who would be really sympathetic to what these bitcoiners are doing if they only understood it better, and I hope to provide a bridge between these two groups.

The Freeman: Are you an optimist or a pessimist?

Brockwell: I’m an incredible optimist. I like the idea of technological determinism, that society organizes itself around its technology, that technology drives social structure and cultural values. If this is the case, then what we seem to be headed toward is a more peer-to-peer society. This is because of all of the peer-to-peer technologies that exist now as part of the Internet: 3-D printers, bitcoin, provably solvent transparencies in companies and banks, digital music sharing, digital movie distribution. This move away from top-down, centralized control and back to the individuals makes me very excited about the future.

The Freeman: In this editor’s opinion, most video that freedom-types put out is mediocre at best. There is a dearth of talent. Resources flow mostly to think tanks and established practices. Production values suffer. In many ways this is a chicken-egg problem, because funders don’t want to divert resources from familiar things until they see some evidence of good media. And yet we won’t see great media until we see more resources put into it. What are your thoughts on this dilemma?

Brockwell: I agree with half of what you say. There is certainly a lack of funding directed toward freedom-oriented films, and I believe that this is because people underestimate the importance of film in shaping our culture. Think tanks do a tremendous amount of good, but when we see think tanks, economists, and research analysts teaming up with filmmakers, that’s when you really start to see magic happen: reaching out to masses more people and moving public opinion. Take the Moving Picture Institute’s film The Cartelfor example: Chris Christie cited this incredible film by director Bob Bowden as being the number one reason why he decided to make education reform his top priority in New Jersey. Or another of the MPI’s films Battle For Brooklyn, an immensely powerful documentary about eminent domain, which was short-listed for an Oscar. Even Hollywood has been producing some great films for the freedom movement lately: Dallas Buyers Club and The Lego Movie are two of my favorites. There are certainly very high quality films being put out there, and this makes it even more necessary to support organizations like the Moving Picture Institute, so they can continue to support filmmakers and get the important messages of those films out there to even more people.

The Freeman: How did a young woman from Western Australia end up as a Reason.TV correspondent?

Brockwell: When you’re a freedom evangelist, passionate about journalism, with a degree in acting, and a long history of film production, it doesn’t take long before you discover and fall in love with institutions such as Reason. I’m honored to be a part of what they’re doing, and thrilled that they enjoy working with me, because Reason is just fantastic. In fact, working with Reason.TV on top of working full time for the Moving Picture Institute, and at the same time making feature films with Hilton Media Management, is pretty much a dream for me. I’m super excited that my first feature film with amazing director Georgia Hilton is coming out this year! It’s been a joy from start to finish working with her and the entire team, so keep an eye out for Subconscious, which will be released all over the world soon!

The Freeman: Who is your favorite economist—living or dead?

Brockwell: My favorite economist who is no longer living would be Murray Rothbard, who first ignited my passionate for economics and monetary policy. My favorite living economist would be Gene Epstein, who first introduced me to the ideas of Murray Rothbard!

Of course I adore Say, Bastiat, and Mises, too, and am always recommending their works to people. And as a communicator, Friedman did incredible work for the freedom movement, and I believe that a lot of people could learn a tremendous deal from him about how to debate ideas.

The Freeman: Thank you, Naomi Brockwell.

A Heartbreaking Unspoken Consequence of Obama

Decades of socialist/progressive indoctrination in our schools, media and culture, plus six years of Obama, has yielded a devastating unspoken consequence. It is the loss of who we use to be as Americans.

In his 1961 Inaugural Address, President John F. Kennedy said, “My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.” Democrats have perverted Kennedy’s inspiring challenge. Their dispiriting goal is to have as many Americans as possible controlled by and dependent on government, even for life itself, which is at the root of Obamacare.

I mourn the loss of the independent self-reliant mindset which made our parents great; and the pride and dignity it generated within them. Welfare (government assistance) was a last resort and for the truly needy.

Today, far too many Americans see no shame in living on government assistance or scamming the system. The Left’s campaign led by the Obama Administration to instill an entitlement mindset in many has proven successful. The Administration even campaigned targeting minorities, discouraging their instinct to be self-reliant. Even worse, the Administration portrays getting on welfare as the honorable thing to do. Dear Lord, what kind of nation are we becoming?

An unprecedented 47 million Americans are on food stamps which is riddled with fraud. The Obama Administration has added over 10,000 new oppressive job-killing regulations. Consequently, 90 million are unemployed and on unemployment which is also riddled with fraud. Here’s another first for America, over 11 million are receiving disability benefits; riddled with fraud. Clearly, many believe working is for suckers when the government is handing out freebies.

In his War on Achievers, Obama used his bully pulpit to deflate business owners by saying, “If you’ve got a business, you didn’t build that.” Obama and his operatives use compassionate sounding terms such as “social justice” and “income inequality” to justify the government confiscating the earnings of achievers and redistributing it to non-achievers to win their votes. Despicable.

My heart aches for my America when character, excellence and hard work were rewarded, celebrated and respected.

At 9 or 10 years old, I worked part-time for my neighbor Mr Buddy Roy. I pulled the copper out of old motors for him to sell. I still remember the pride I felt making my own money.

In the early 1950s, blacks were allowed to take the entrance test for the Baltimore City Fire Dept. My dad applied and mom helped. My parents sought opportunity not handouts. Talk about a strong black woman, though compassionate and loving, mom could be a tough no nonsense person.

I remember my parents sitting at the kitchen table, a glass turned upside down between them with mom tapping on the glass with a spoon. She was simulating the different bell sounds which alerted the firefighters to various situations. She would yell at my dad, “No, that’s wrong, stupid! Listen and get it right!” Thanks to my drill sergeant mom, dad was among a hand full of blacks who became Baltimore City’s first black firefighters.

Being a pioneer is never easy. Dad endured humiliating work conditions and blatant racism. Still, dad relished the opportunity. Thanks to his Christian faith, dad won admiration and respect by fighting racism and hate with excellence. He won “Firefighter of the Year” two times.

That mindset of putting ones best foot forward and striving for loftier standards is what I fear we are rapidly losing as Americans. Apparently, character is no longer expected in our leaders. President Obama is caught repeatedly lying to the American people and the response is ho-hum, let’s move on.

The trend is to celebrate deadbeats, entitlement junkies, haters of achievers and assorted low life. For example. The Democrats and mainstream media loved the Occupy Wall Street mobs. People were assaulted and even raped at their angry mob gatherings. Severely infected with an entitlement mindset, Occupiers dumped feces in a public building demanding the government redistribute wealth to them.

Meanwhile, the Left continues their shameful relentless demonizing and slandering the Tea Party with unfounded allegations of racism. The Obama Administration has plotted to criminalize free speech (the Tea Party). Folks, we are talking decent hard-working Americans who are simply pushing back against Obama’s shock and awe assault on our freedoms, liberty and culture.

Tax cheat Democrat Rep. Charlie Rangel compared the Tea Party to Hamas terrorists. Either Mr Rangel is a loudmouth clueless idiot or a despicable evil human being. Leftists like Rangel who throw unfounded irresponsible “hate” grenades at millions of Americans should be called on it. Inciting racial division is extremely serious.

Amidst the unbelievably long list of scandals, crimes and misdemeanors of the Obama regime, the damage that this evil man and his minions have done to the internal make-up of many Americans is extremely disturbing and heartbreaking.

Please view me performing my song, “We Are Americans” which I wrote to remind us of who we use to be and I believe a majority still are as Americans. I have faith that the liberal’s, socialist’s and progressive’s toxic disease of entitlement thinking has not reached critical mass.

My fellow Americans, we are exceptional, a chosen people. We are Americans!